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Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Tyanna James
 
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, also known as the founder and leader of Pakistan, was an Indian politician who was a significant factor for the independence of South Asia. In Pakistan, he is known as Quad-I-Azam, which means Great Leader. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on December 25, 1876 into a successful Muslim family. His father was a merchant and exported things such as wool, cotton, and grain. He and his family belonged to the Khoja Muslim sect. As a child in school, Jinnah was disinterested and far from the top. He was married at the age of 15 to a 14-year-old girl named Emibai. In 1893, he left Karachi leaving his mother and wife behind. Shortly after his departure, both his mother and Emibai passed away. Jinnah’s views were embedded in the desire for independence and for Indian nationalism. Jinnah respected British politics and wanted to conserve them in India. In 1906, he served in the Indian National Congress and was eventually elected president in 1916. Jinnah disagreed and resigned with the Indian National Congress when they started a movement to boycott the British in 1920. By the early 20th century, the Muslims and Hindus were becoming politically divided. The Hindus, being the majority, were feared by the Muslims. There was sectarian strife between these two groups. In 1913, Jinnah joined the All-India Muslim League, formed in 1906, because its aim was to a unified struggle for Independence. He then became known as a supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity. For about 5 years, Jinnah spent his time in London. He returned after the British passed the Government of India Act in 1935. Eventually, the Hindus and Muslims split up completely. Jinnah was afraid that Muslims would no longer be able to have a voice in governing the future India so he pushed the idea of a homeland located on the Indian subcontinent for Muslims. Jinnah believed this was the only way to protect their political interests and their Muslim traditions. His old idea of the unity of Muslims and Hindus seemed no longer possible. This new homeland, which emerged in 1947, became known as Pakistan. When Mohandas K. Gandhi arrived, Jinnah removed himself from the congress. He then became the leader of the Muslim League. The independence of Pakistan was possible due to the efforts of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. 
 
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Rabindranath Tagore
Peri Monroe
 
Rabindranath Tagore, born in 1861, participated in the Indian nationalist movement during the time Gandhi was the political father of India. Tagore was appointed by the ruling British Government in 1915, but within a few years, he resigned as a protest against British policies in India. As well as being a protester against the British, Tagore was also a well-known writer. Tagore has had many writings in various literary genres but he first took writing as a poet. “Among his fifty and odd volumes of poetry are Manasi (1890) [The Ideal One], Sonar Tari (1894) [The GoldenBoat], Gitanjali (1910) [Song Offerings], Gitimalya (1914) [Wreath of Songs], and Balaka (1916) [The Flight of Cranes].” (Rabindranath Tagore - Biographical). In 1913 Tagore received a Nobel Prize for his works in Literature, for the book Gitanjali, Song Offerings.” (Rabindranath Tagore). His books and poems made him highly influential to the cultural and society and is said to be “regarded as the outstanding creative artist of modern India” (Rabindranath Tagore). Politically Tagore’s thoughts completely differed from Gandhi’s during the time India was fighting the Swaraj. "Gandhi and Tagore. Two types entirely differentfrom each other, and yet both of them typical of India, both in the long line of India's great men ... It is not so much because of any single virtue but because of the tout ensemble, that I felt that among the world's great men today Gandhi and Tagore weresupreme as human beings. What good fortune for me to have come into close contact with them." (Romain Rolland). Although Tagore admired Gandhi, he had ideas that completely differed form his; nationalism, patriotism, the importance of cultural exchange, the role of rationality and of science, and the nature of economic and social development. Rabindranath knew that he could not gain the leadership that Gandhi had gained. Tagore actually respected Gandhi so greatly that he popularized the term "Mahatma"—great soul—as a description of Gandhi. Both Tagore and Gandhi greatly admired each other and considered each other's ideas during debates. Tagore was also part of the protests against the Raj and also denounced the events that took place during Amritsar. In August of 1941 Tagore died.
 
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Subhas Chandra Bose
Michael Gerber
 
Subhas Chandra Bose was born on January 23, 1897, into a wealthy family. His father was a Bengali lawyer, and with his wealth he sent Subhas to top schools in Europe and Asia. His parents sent him to study at the University of Cambridge in England to prepare him for Indian Civil Service. In 1920, Subhas passed his civil service exam, however, he dropped out and returned to India upon hearing of Gandhi’s nationalistic protests. Bose joined the Indian National Congress, a nonviolent organization created by Mohandas K. Gandhi, another Indian independence advocate. Bose, advised by Gandhi, became a journalist under a Bengali politician and his writings led to Bose’s arrest in 1921. After his release from British imprisonment in 1924, Bose was elected chief executive officer of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation. However, the British deported Bose to Myanmar for his suspected connections to revolutionary movements. When he returned in 1927, the Calcutta Municipal Corporation had dissolved, giving rise to a new organization, the Bengal Congress, to which he was elected president. By the time Gandhi started the civil disobedience movement in 1930, Bose was already in captivity for his associations with violent revolutionary groups. During his exile, he wrote The Indian Struggle, and negotiated for support with European leaders. Bose was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1938, however his economic policy of broad industrialization disagreed with Gandhi’s economic ideas. Bose also believed in using military force to gain independence, and he did not like the slow progress pf Gandhi's civil disobedience. Bose eventually resigned because he did not have Gandhi’s support. Following his resignation from the Indian National Congress, Bose founded the Forward Bloc in hopes of rallying radical elements, but was arrested for his actions in 1940. On January 26, 1941, Bose escaped from house arrest, and traveled to Tokyo, where he became leader of the Indian Independence Movement in East Asia. He used his power to create an army of 40,000 troops, known as the Indian National Army, and declared the independence of the Indian government. However, the Indian National Army was defeated and forced to retreat, ending its quest for independence through force. In August 1945, Bose was flying in a plane trying to avoid capture when his plane crashed, resulting in his death due to burn injuries. Bose remains today one of the leaders in the struggle for South Asian independence, and is known for his impatience for Gandhi’s peaceful methods of protest, instead preferring quicker, more violent methods.
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) was the founder of Pakistan and a supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity. 

Pakistan, bordered by India, Afghanistan, China, and Iran, was founded in 1947 by Muhammad Ali Jinnah to create a homeland for Muslims.

The arrival of Mohandas K. Gandhi allowed Jinnah to become the leader of the Muslim League.

The lines (orange, yellow, and blue) in the picture above represent the path that Bose and the Indian National Army marched

Subhas Chandra Bose (1897-1945) was an Indian independence activist and military general in the struggle for South Asian independence from Britain

Subhas Chandra Bose, pictured above, holds his right hand in a fist as he gives a rivigorating speech to inspire militaristic, nationalistic emotions in the Indian people

Tagore sitting behind his desk, working on one of his many influential books and poems that inspired nationalistic feelings in many Indians.

Above is a map of the city of Kolkata, India.

Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was an Indian nationalist and is known as the political father of India

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